Assessment of Physico-Chemical Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater (District, Amethi)

Abstract

Groundwater is the primary source of drinking and irrigation water for Amethi district. This study assesses the concentration, spatial distribution, and potential human health risk from heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Cd, Ni, Cr etc.) in ground water across Amethi. Sixteen sampling sites (well, borewells, handpumps) covering agricultural, peri urban and market areas were sampled seasonally (pre monsoon and post monsoon). Samples were analyzed using standard methods for trace metals. Pollution indices (Heavy Metal Pollution Index-HPI) were performed. Results show localized enrichment of Fe, Mn and occasional elevated Pb/Cr near urban centers and old plumbing. Health risk assessment indicates that while most non carcinogenic risks are within acceptable limits for adults, children show higher vulnerability in a few hotspots. Carcinogenic risk from As/Cr in some samples warrants monitoring. Recommendation includes regular monitoring, point of use treatment for affected habitations improve sanitation and mitigation planning.