GENDER INEQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND PATHWAYS TO EQUITY

Abstract

Gender inequality continues to be one of the most critical social issues in contemporary Indian society. Despite constitutional guarantees of equality and several government initiatives aimed at empowering women, disparities between men and women persist in education, employment, health, political participation, and social rights. Rooted in deep historical, cultural, and patriarchal traditions, these inequalities restrict women’s opportunities and reinforce systemic discrimination. The gender gap is visible in wage differences, underrepresentation in decision-making positions, unequal access to resources, and the prevalence of gender-based violence. However, recent developments in legislation, awareness campaigns, and the growth of women’s movements have contributed to gradual but significant changes in attitudes toward gender roles. This paper seeks to examine the causes, forms, and consequences of gender inequality in Indian society, while also exploring strategies and policy measures that can foster greater gender equity and social justice.