PENOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN ADDRESSING RADICALIZATION AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM: PERSPECTIVES FROM JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Abstract

The phenomenon of radicalization and violent extremism threatens peace, stability, and security in conflict zones, including Jammu and Kashmir. This region, marked by socio-political instability and insurgency, has witnessed a surge in extremist activities, complicating peace efforts. This research paper explores the penological challenges of addressing radicalization and extremism in Jammu and Kashmir, analysing the current situation, underlying factors, and the effectiveness of countermeasures. Using qualitative methods such as interviews, focus groups, and document analysis, the study gathers insights from law enforcement, policymakers, civil society, and academics. Key findings reveal critical issues: the lack of robust rehabilitation and reintegration programs for former extremists, substandard prison conditions fostering radicalization, and poor coordination among stakeholders. Community engagement remains challenging due to deep-seated mistrust and socio-political tensions. The paper recommends developing comprehensive rehabilitation programs with psychosocial support and vocational training, improving prison conditions, enhancing stakeholder coordination, and promoting community engagement to build trust and cooperation.2