Artificial Intelligence as a Catalyst for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in India: A Conceptual Review and Policy Perspective

Abstract

India, as a rapidly developing economy and an active signatory to the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, faces complex and interrelated challenges including poverty reduction, equitable healthcare access, quality education, environmental sustainability, and inclusive economic growth. Addressing these challenges requires innovative, scalable, and data-driven solutions beyond conventional policy mechanisms. In this context, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a strategic technological enabler with significant potential to accelerate India’s progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper presents a conceptual and analytical review of AI-driven initiatives within the Indian context, systematically mapping AI applications to selected SDGs and critically examining their socio-economic and policy implications. Drawing on secondary data from government publications, NITI Aayog policy documents, United Nations SDG reports, and peer-reviewed academic literature, the study develops an India-specific AI–SDG mapping framework. The paper identifies key opportunities offered by AI adoption, along with structural constraints, ethical challenges, and governance gaps that may hinder its effective implementation. Furthermore, it proposes a policy-oriented roadmap for the responsible and inclusive deployment of AI aligned with India’s sustainable development priorities. By integrating technological innovation with governance and sustainability considerations, the study contributes to the emerging literature on AI for sustainable development and offers practical insights for policymakers, researchers, and development practitioners.